Một số cấu trúc bị động trong tiếng Anh

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CẤU TRÚC BỊ ĐỘNG

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Hình thức của một câu bị động (Passive) được chuyển thể từ câu chủ động (Active):

Active: S* + V + O*

Passive: S(O*) + Be PP (V-3/ed) + (by O(S*))

-Từ cấu trúc trên có thể thấy rằng:

Chủ ngữ (chủ từ) trong câu chủ động sẽ làm tân ngữ (túc từ) trong câu bị động.
Tân ngữ trong câu chủ động sẽ làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.
Động từ thường trong câu chủ động luôn luôn ở trạng thái quá khứ phân từ (Past Participle-PP) trong câu bị động.
Trong câu bị động thì động từ “to be” luôn được sử dụng, tùy thuộc câu bị động đang ở thì nào, chúng ta sử dụng động từ “to be” theo dạng đúng của nó.
Ex:
He teaches me English.
-> I am taught English (by him).

Dạng bị động của các thì:

a) Thì hiện tại đơn (Simple Present):

S + be (am/is/are) + PP +...

Ex: He likes chickens.

-> Chickens are liked.

b) Thì quá khứ đơn (Past Simple):

S + was/were + PP +...

Ex: The storm destroyed the city last night.

-> The city was destroyed by the storm last night.

c) Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present Continuous):

S + be (am/is/are) + being + PP +...

Ex: He is reading a book.

-> A book is being read (by him).

d) Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn (Past Continuous):

S + was/were + being + PP +...

Ex: They were listening to music.

-> Music was being listened to (by them).

e) Thì hiện tại hoàn thành (Present Perfect):

S + have/has + been + PP +...

Ex: They have studied English for two months.

-> English has been studied (by them) for two months.

f) Thì quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect):

S + had + been + PP +...

Ex: They had done the exercises.

-> The exercises had been done (by them).

g) Modals:

S + can/could/should/may/...+ be + PP +...

h) Thì tương lai đơn (Simple Future):

S + will/shall + be + PP +...

Ex: They will cut the grass tomorrow.

-> The grass will be cut (by them) tomorrow.

i) Thì tương lai tiếp diễn (Future Continuous):

S + will/shall + be + being + PP +...

Ex: She will be helping you when you come here tomorrow.

-> You will be being helped (by her) when you come here tomorrow.

j) Thì tương lai hoàn thành (Future Perfect):

S + will/shall + have + been + PP +...

Ex: They will have finished the course by the end of this month.

-> The course will have been finished by the end of this month.

Dạng bị động của một số mẫu câu:

- Active: S + should/could + have + PP + O.

Passive: S + should/could + have +been + PP +...

Ex: You should have bought this book.

-> This book should have been bought.

T Dùng “It” làm chủ ngữ (mệnh đề làm tân ngữ vẫn được giữ nguyên)

Ex: They said that he is kind to you.

-> It is said that he is kind to you.

Dùng cấu trúc bị động với động từ nguyên mẫu:

-Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề làm tân ngữ xảy ra trước hành động của mệnh đề chính, chúng ta dùng: perfect infinitive (to have + PP)

Ex: They said that he had killed the woman.

-> He was said to have killed the woman.

-Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề làm tân ngữ xảy ra sau hành động trong mệnh đề chính, chúng ta sử dụng: simple infinitive (to + V[SUB]o[/SUB])

Ex: They expect that you will come.

-> You are expected to come.

-Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề làm tận ngữ xảy ra đồng thời với hành động trong mệnh đề chính, ta dùng: present infinitive (to be + V-ing)

Ex: They said that he was doing homework.

-> He was said to be doing homework.

Ngoài ra:

-Active: S + V[SUP]*[/SUP] + O + V-ing.

Passive: S (O) + be (am/is/are/was/were) + V[SUP]*[/SUP]-3/ed + V-ing.

Ex: He kept her waiting.

-> She was kept waiting.

-Tân ngữ của hiện tại phân từ chỉ về cùng một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu:

Active: S[SUP]*[/SUP] + V[SUP]*[/SUP] + O + V-ing + O[SUP]*[/SUP] +...

Passive: S (O[SUP]*[/SUP]) + V[SUP]*[/SUP] + being + V (-ing)-3/ed +...

Ex: I remember my mother teaching me English.

-> I remember being taught English by my mother.

Active: S + V[SUP]*[/SUP] + O[SUP]*[/SUP] + to V[SUB]o[/SUB] +...

Passive: S (O[SUP]*[/SUP]) + be (am/is/are/was/were) + V[SUP]*[/SUP]-3/ed + to V[SUB]o[/SUB] +...

Ex: He told me to do exercise.

-> I was told to do exercise.

-Active: S[SUP]*[/SUP] + V + O + to V[SUP]*[/SUP] + O[SUP]*[/SUP] +...

Passive: S (O[SUP]*[/SUP]) + V + to be + V ([SUP]*[/SUP])-3/ed +...

Ex: I want you to help me this work.

-> I want to be helped this work.

-Active: S + V + O1 + prep + O2

Passive: S (O1) + be (am/is/are/was/were) + V-3/ed + prep + O2.

Ex: They announced their story to the class.

-> Their story was announced to the class.

Một số dạng bị động đặc biệt:

¯Câu mệnh lệnh (command)

Ex: Close the door.

-> Let the door be closed.

Don’t close the door.

-> Let not the door be closed.

Let (để cho):

Ex: We let her go out.

-> She was let go out.

Don’t let people laugh at you.

-> Don’t let yourself be laughed at.

THE END
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Sao em không đưa cấu trúc active rồi mới đưa nó về passive như vậy sẽ dễ hình dung hơn (ở phần dạng bị động của câu)

 

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EXERCISE
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I. Write these sentences into passive voice:

1. They will carry that table into the dining-room.
   
2. Jack's typed the article recently.
3. The Queen founded this park in 1956.
4. Ann has to cook the dinner now before her children come home.
5. Tran does her homework every day.
6. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
7. Khai is checking the machine now.
8. Mr Brown can fly a plane easily.
9. Nga should iron her clothes at home.
10. He was drinking coffee in the canteen then.
11. They will have to change the date of the meeting again.
12. The keepers feed the lions at 3 p.m every day.
13. They are building many news roads in this city.
14. Mary told James to answer the door because she was cooking in the kitchen.
15. They said that that old house was built in 1900.
16. The police kept him from killing himself.
17. Mr James wanted me to wake him up early.
18. Nobody took him to the zoo last week.
19. People said this woman had robbed a bank in New York.
20. She always remembers that dog biting her.
21. They export rice from Vietnam.
    
22. She made these flowers of silk.
23. Andy was doing his homework.
24. The cat ate a fish in the kitchen yesterday.
25. People speak English all over the world.
26. They are going to build a new school in this village next month.
27. Nobody watered those trees, so they died.
28. Jan has to clean the house now.
    
29. Vietnamese people built Quoc Tu Giam in 1070 in the Ly dynasty.
30. If you don't talk in the class, the teacher will punish you.

II. Write these sentences into active voice:

1. The soup was cooked by Mary yesterday. (Mary)
2. The parcel is going to be sent to them tomorrow. (He)
3. He was told not to talk in the class by the teacher. (The teacher)
4. Milk is delivered at 5.30 a.m every day so you can drink it before going to school. (They)
5. The atomic of radium was determined by Marie Curie. (Marie Curie)
6. The first World Cup was held in Uruguay by FIFA in 1930. (FIFA)
7. The football match was cancelled because of the heavy rain. (They)
8. Mr Tom wanted to be waken up by his secretary yesterday. (Mr Tom)
9. She was said to have driven this car. (They)
10. He's been shown how to do it. (She)

Spoiler

KEY
I.

1. That table will be carried into the dining-room.
   
2. The article has been typed by Jack recently.
   
3. This park was founded by the Queen in 1956.
   
4. The dinner has to be cooked by Ann now before her children come home.
   
5. Tran's homework is done every day.
   
6. America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
   
7. The machine is being checked by Khai now.
   
8. A plane can be flown easily by mr Brown.
   
9. Nga's clothes should be ironed at home.
   
10. Coffee was being drunk in the canteen then.
    
11. The date of the meeting will have to be changed again.
    
12. The lions are fed by the keepers at 3 p.m every day.
    
13. Many news roads are being built in this city.
    
14. James was told to answer the door by Mary because she was cooking in the kitchen.
    
15. That old house was said to be built in 1900.
    
16. He was kept from killing himself by the police.
    
17. Mr James wanted to be waken up early.
    
18. He wasn't taken to the zoo last week.
    
19. This woman was said to have robbed a bank in New York.
    
20. She always remembers being bit by that dog.
    
21. Rice is exported from Vietnam.
    
22. These flowers was made of silk.
    
23. His homework was being done by Andy.
    
24. A fish was eaten in the kitchen by the cat yesterday.
    
25. English is spoken all over the world.
    
26. A new school is going to be built in this village next month.
    
27. Those trees weren't watered, so they died.
    
28. The house has to be cleaned by Jan now.
    
29. Quoc Tu Giam was built by Vietnamese people in 1070 in the Ly dynasty.
    
30. If you don't talk in the class, you'll be punished by the teacher.

II.

1. Mary cooked the soup yesterday.
   
2. He is going to send the parcel to them tomorrow.
   
3. The teacher told him not to talk in the class.
   
4. They deliver milk at 5.30 a.m every day so you can drink it before going to school.
   
5. Marie Curie determined the atomic of radium.
   
6. FIFA held the first World Cup in Uruguay in 1930.
   
7. They cancelled the football match because of the heavy rain.
   
8. Mr Tom wanted his secretary to wake him up yesterday.
   
9. They said she had driven this car.
   
10. She has shown him how to do it.