Bàn thêm về cách thêm -ing sau động từ
a. Verbs ending in a silent e
When a verb ends in a silent e, the silent e is dropped before the ending ing is added. For example:
(Nếu một động từ kết thúc bằng e câm thì bỏ e trước khi thêm -ing)
Infinitive.....................................Present Participle
to close............................................ closing
to dine............................................. dining
to leave.............................................leaving
to move..............................................moving
However, when a verb ends in an e which is not silent, the final e is not dropped before the ending ing is added. For example:
Infinitive......................................Present Participle
to be....................................................being
to see..................................................seeing
b. Verbs ending in ie
When a verb ends in ie, the ie is changed to y before the ending ing is added. For example:
Infinitive......................................Present Participle
to die....................................................dying
to lie.....................................................lying
When a verb ends in y, no change is made before the ending is added. For example:
Infinitive......................................Present Participle
to fly..................................................... flying
to play....................................................playing
c. One-syllable verbs ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel
Except in the case of the final consonants w, x and y, when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant must be doubled before the ending ing is added. The reason for this is to reflect the fact that the pronunciation of the single vowel does not change when the ending ing is added.
English vowels have a variety of pronunciations. For instance, each English vowel has two contrasting pronunciations, which are sometimes referred to as short and long. Vowels which are followed by two consonants, and vowels which are followed by a single consonant at the end of a word, are generally pronounced short. In contrast, vowels which are followed by a single consonant followed by another vowel are generally pronounced long.
In the table below, the underlined vowels in the left-hand column are pronounced short; whereas the underlined vowels in the right-hand column are pronounced long. For example:
Short Vowels...................................Long Vowels
fat.......................................................fate
tapping.................................................taping
let........................................................delete
win.......................................................wine
filling.....................................................filing
not........................................................note
hopping...................................................hoping
flutter.....................................................flute
Thus, in the case of most one-syllable verbs ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the vowel is pronounced short. In order to reflect the fact that the vowel is also pronounced short in the corresponding present participle, except in the case of w, x and y, the final consonant must be doubled before the ending ing is added.
In the following examples, the consonants which have been doubled are
underlined. For example:
Infinitive............................................Present Participle
to nod.........................................................nodding
to dig.......................................................... digging
to run...........................................................running
to clap..........................................................clapping
to set...........................................................setting
When a verb ends in w, x or y preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is not doubled before the ending is added. For example:
Infinitive.......................................................Present Participle
to draw..............................................................drawing
to fix..................................................................fixing
to say.................................................................saying
It should also be noted that when a verb ends in a single consonant preceded by two vowels, the final consonant is not doubled before the ending is added. The reason for this is that two vowels together are generally pronounced long. For example:
Infinitive.............................................................Present Participle
to rain.....................................................................raining
to read....................................................................reading
to meet....................................................................meeting
to soak....................................................................soaking
d. Verbs of more than one syllable which end in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel
When a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant other than w, x or y preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled to form the present participle only when the last syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest stress.
For instance, in the following examples, the last syllables of the verbs have the heaviest stress, and the final consonants are doubled to form the present participles. In these examples, the syllables pronounced with the heaviest stress are underlined. For example:
Infinitive.............................................................Present Participle
to expel.....................................................................expelling
to begin.....................................................................beginning
to occur.....................................................................occurring
to omit.......................................................................omitting
When a verb of more than one syllable ends in w, x or y, the final consonant is not doubled before the ending ing is added. In the following examples, the syllables pronounced with the heaviest stress are underlined. For example:
Infinitive............................................................Present Participle
to allow .....................................................................allowing
to affix.......................................................................affixing
to convey....................................................................conveying
When the last syllable of a verb is not pronounced with the heaviest stress, the final consonant is usually not doubled to form the present participle. For instance, in the following examples, the last syllables of the verbs do not have the heaviest stress, and the final consonants are not doubled to form the present participles. In these examples, the syllables pronounced with the heaviest stress are underlined. For example:
Infinitive............................................................Present Participle
to listen.....................................................................listening
to order.....................................................................ordering
to focus.....................................................................focusing
to limit.......................................................................limiting
If necessary, a dictionary can be consulted to determine which syllable of a verb has the heaviest stress. Many dictionaries use symbols such as apostrophes to indicate which syllables are pronounced with the heaviest stress.
It should be noted that British and American spelling rules differ for verbs which end in a single l preceded by a single vowel. In British spelling, the l is always doubled before the endings ing and ed
are added. However, in American spelling, verbs ending with a single l follow the same rule as other verbs; the l is doubled only when the last syllable has the heaviest stress. In the following examples, the syllables with the heaviest stress are underlined. For example:
Infinitive......................Present Participle
...................................American Spelling............................British Spelling
to signal...........................signaling.......................................... signalling
to travel...........................traveling...........................................travelling
to compel.........................compelling.........................................compelling
to propel..........................propelling...........................................propelling
From these examples it can be seen that the American and British spellings for verbs ending in a single l differ only when the last syllable does not have the heaviest stress.
