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Phương pháp cân bằng các phản ứng oxi hóa-khử
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Trả lời chủ đề
Nội dung
<blockquote data-quote="vanhieu1995" data-source="post: 113853" data-attributes="member: 109931"><p style="text-align: center"><strong><a href="https://www.hoahocngaynay.com/images/stories/01122010/An-Explosion.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.hoahocngaynay.com/images/stories/thumbnails/01122010/An-Explosion_784283f8891a2901389a52e988ff609d.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " data-size="" style="" /></a><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #ff0000">Phương pháp cân bằng các phản ứng oxi hóa-khử</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Nội dung 1: <strong>Số oxi hoá, cách tính số oxi hóa của nguyên tố trong một hợp chất hóa họcSố oxi hóa của nguyên tố trong phân tử là điện tích của nguyên tử nguyên tố đó trong phân tử, khi giả thiết rằng liên kết giữa các nguyên tử trong phân tử là liên kết ion.</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong>oQuy tắc tính số oxi hóa:</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong>• Trong đơn chất, số oxi hóa nguyên tố bằng 0:.</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong>• Tổng đại số số oxi hoá của các nguyên tử trong phân tử (trung hoà điện) bằng 0.</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong>• Tổng đại số số oxi hoá của các nguyên tử trong một ion phức tạp bằng điện tích của ion đó.</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong>•Khi tham gia hợp chất, số oxi hoá của một số nguyên tố có trị số không đổi: H là +1, O là -2 …</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong>Chú ý: Dấu của số oxi hoá đặt trước con số, còn dấu của điện tích ion đặt sau con số (số oxi hóa Fe+3 ; Ion sắt (III) ghi: Fe3+</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><u>Nội dung 2</u>: <strong>Các phương pháp cân bằng phản ứng oxi hoá khử</strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Phương pháp 1: Phương pháp đại số</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Nguyên tắc:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Số nguyên tử của mỗi nguyên tố ở hai vế phải bằng nhau.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Các bước cân bằng:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Đặt ẩn số là các hệ số hợp thức. Dùng định luật bảo toàn khối lượng để cân bằng nguyên tố và lập phương trình đại số.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Chọn nghiệm tùy ý cho 1 ẩn, rồi dùng hệ phương trình đại số để suy ra các ẩn số còn lại.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Ví dụ: a FeS2 + b O2→ c Fe2O3 + d SO2</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Ta có: Fe : a = 2c</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>S : 2a = d</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>O : 2b = 3c + 2d</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Chọn c = 1 thì a=2, d=4, b = 11/2</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Nhân hai vế với 2 ta được phương trình:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Phương pháp 2: phương pháp cân bằng electron</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Nguyên tắc: dựa vào sự bảo toàn electron nghĩa là tổng số electron của chất khử cho phải bằng tổng số electron chất oxi hóa nhận.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Các bước cân bằng:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 1: Viết sơ đồ phản ứng với các nguyên tố có sự thay đổi số oxi hóa.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 2: Viết các quá trình: khử (cho electron), oxi hóa (nhận electron).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 3:Cân bằng electron: nhân hệ số để:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Tổng số electron cho = tổng số electron nhận.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>(tổng số oxi hóa giảm = tổng số oxi hóa tăng).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 4: Cân bằng nguyên tố không thay đổi số oxi hoá (thường theo thứ tự:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>kim loại (ion dương):</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>gốc axit (ion âm).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>môi trường (axit, bazơ).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>nước (cân bằng H2O để cân bằng hiđro).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 5: Kiểm soát số nguyên tử oxi ở 2 vế (phải bằng nhau).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Lưu ý:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Khi viết các quá trình oxi hoá và quá trình khử của từng nguyên tố, cần theo đúng chỉ số qui định của nguyên tố đó.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Ví dụ:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Fe + H2SO4đặc nóng → Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Fe0 → Fe+3 + 3e</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>1 x 2Fe0 → 2Fe+3 + 6e</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>3 x S+6 + 2e → S+4</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>2Fe + 6H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H20</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>§Phương pháp 3: phương pháp cân bằng ion – electron:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Phạm vi áp dụng: đối với các quá trình xảy ra trong dung dịch, có sự tham gia của môi trường (H2O, dung dịch axit hoặc bazơ tham gia).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Các nguyên tắc:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>•Nếu phản ứng có axit tham gia: vế nào thừa O phải thêm H+ để tạo H2O và ngược lại.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>•Nếu phản ứng có bazơ tham gia: vế nào thừa O phải thêm H2O để tạo ra OH-</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Các bước tiến hành:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 1: Tách ion, xác định các nguyên tố có số oxi hóa thay đổi và viết các nửa phản ứng oxi hóa – khử.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 2: Cân bằng các bán phản ứng:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cân bằng số nguyên tử mỗi nguyên tố ở hai vế:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Thêm H+ hay OH-</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Thêm H2O để cân bằng số nguyên tử hiđro</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Kiểm soát số nguyên tử oxi ở 2 vế (phải bằng nhau).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cân bằng điện tích: thêm electron vào mỗi nửa phản ứng để cân bằng điện tích</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 3: Cân bằng electron: nhân hệ số để:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Tổng số electron cho = tổng số electron nhận.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>(tổng số oxi hóa giảm = tổng số oxi hóa tăng).</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 4: Cộng các nửa phản ứng ta có phương trình ion thu gọn.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 5: Để chuyển phương trình dạng ion thu gọn thành phương trình ion đầy đủ và phương trình phân tử cần cộng vào 2 vế những lượng bằng nhau các cation hoặc anion để bù trừ điện tích.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Ví dụ: Cân bằng phương trình phản ứng:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 1: Cu + H+ + NO3- → Cu2+ + 2NO3- + NO + H2O</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cu0 → Cu2+</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>NO3-→ NO</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 2: Cân bằng nguyên tố:</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cu → Cu2+</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>NO3- + 4H+ → NO + 2H2O</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cân bằng điện tích</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cu → Cu2+ + 2e</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>NO3- + 4H+ + 3e → NO + 2H2O</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Bước 3: Cân bằng 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x Cu → Cu2+ + 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1 : Viết mọi phương trình biểu diễn sự thay đổi số oxi hoá, chú ý sự ràng buộc hệ số ở hai vế của phản ứng và ràng buộc hệ số trong cùng phân tử.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Cách 2 : Nếu một phân tử có nhiều nguyên tố thay đổi số oxi hoá có thể xét chuyển nhóm hoặc toàn bộ phân tử, đồng thời chú ý sự ràng buộc ở vế sau.</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Luyện 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[QUOTE="vanhieu1995, post: 113853, member: 109931"] [CENTER][B][URL="https://www.hoahocngaynay.com/images/stories/01122010/An-Explosion.jpg"][IMG]https://www.hoahocngaynay.com/images/stories/thumbnails/01122010/An-Explosion_784283f8891a2901389a52e988ff609d.jpg[/IMG][/URL][SIZE=4][COLOR=#ff0000]Phương pháp cân bằng các phản ứng oxi hóa-khử[/COLOR][/SIZE] [/B][/CENTER] [B]Nội dung 1: [B]Số oxi hoá, cách tính số oxi hóa của nguyên tố trong một hợp chất hóa họcSố oxi hóa của nguyên tố trong phân tử là điện tích của nguyên tử nguyên tố đó trong phân tử, khi giả thiết rằng liên kết giữa các nguyên tử trong phân tử là liên kết ion. oQuy tắc tính số oxi hóa: • Trong đơn chất, số oxi hóa nguyên tố bằng 0:. • Tổng đại số số oxi hoá của các nguyên tử trong phân tử (trung hoà điện) bằng 0. • Tổng đại số số oxi hoá của các nguyên tử trong một ion phức tạp bằng điện tích của ion đó. •Khi tham gia hợp chất, số oxi hoá của một số nguyên tố có trị số không đổi: H là +1, O là -2 … Chú ý: Dấu của số oxi hoá đặt trước con số, còn dấu của điện tích ion đặt sau con số (số oxi hóa Fe+3 ; Ion sắt (III) ghi: Fe3+ [B][U]Nội dung 2[/U]: [B]Các phương pháp cân bằng phản ứng oxi hoá khử[/B][/B] [B][B][B]Phương pháp 1: Phương pháp đại số[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Nguyên tắc:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Số nguyên tử của mỗi nguyên tố ở hai vế phải bằng nhau.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Các bước cân bằng:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Đặt ẩn số là các hệ số hợp thức. Dùng định luật bảo toàn khối lượng để cân bằng nguyên tố và lập phương trình đại số.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Chọn nghiệm tùy ý cho 1 ẩn, rồi dùng hệ phương trình đại số để suy ra các ẩn số còn lại.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Ví dụ: a FeS2 + b O2→ c Fe2O3 + d SO2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Ta có: Fe : a = 2c[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]S : 2a = d[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]O : 2b = 3c + 2d[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Chọn c = 1 thì a=2, d=4, b = 11/2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]Nhân hai vế với 2 ta được phương trình:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B]4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Phương pháp 2: phương pháp cân bằng electron[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Nguyên tắc: dựa vào sự bảo toàn electron nghĩa là tổng số electron của chất khử cho phải bằng tổng số electron chất oxi hóa nhận.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Các bước cân bằng:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Bước 1: Viết sơ đồ phản ứng với các nguyên tố có sự thay đổi số oxi hóa.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Bước 2: Viết các quá trình: khử (cho electron), oxi hóa (nhận electron).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Bước 3:Cân bằng electron: nhân hệ số để:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Tổng số electron cho = tổng số electron nhận.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B](tổng số oxi hóa giảm = tổng số oxi hóa tăng).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Bước 4: Cân bằng nguyên tố không thay đổi số oxi hoá (thường theo thứ tự:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]kim loại (ion dương):[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]gốc axit (ion âm).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]môi trường (axit, bazơ).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]nước (cân bằng H2O để cân bằng hiđro).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B]Bước 5: Kiểm soát số nguyên tử oxi ở 2 vế (phải bằng nhau).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]Lưu ý:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]Khi viết các quá trình oxi hoá và quá trình khử của từng nguyên tố, cần theo đúng chỉ số qui định của nguyên tố đó.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]Ví dụ:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]Fe + H2SO4đặc nóng → Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]Fe0 → Fe+3 + 3e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]1 x 2Fe0 → 2Fe+3 + 6e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]3 x S+6 + 2e → S+4[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B]2Fe + 6H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H20[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]§Phương pháp 3: phương pháp cân bằng ion – electron:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Phạm vi áp dụng: đối với các quá trình xảy ra trong dung dịch, có sự tham gia của môi trường (H2O, dung dịch axit hoặc bazơ tham gia).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Các nguyên tắc:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]•Nếu phản ứng có axit tham gia: vế nào thừa O phải thêm H+ để tạo H2O và ngược lại.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]•Nếu phản ứng có bazơ tham gia: vế nào thừa O phải thêm H2O để tạo ra OH-[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Các bước tiến hành:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 1: Tách ion, xác định các nguyên tố có số oxi hóa thay đổi và viết các nửa phản ứng oxi hóa – khử.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 2: Cân bằng các bán phản ứng:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Cân bằng số nguyên tử mỗi nguyên tố ở hai vế:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Thêm H+ hay OH-[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Thêm H2O để cân bằng số nguyên tử hiđro[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Kiểm soát số nguyên tử oxi ở 2 vế (phải bằng nhau).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Cân bằng điện tích: thêm electron vào mỗi nửa phản ứng để cân bằng điện tích[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 3: Cân bằng electron: nhân hệ số để:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Tổng số electron cho = tổng số electron nhận.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B](tổng số oxi hóa giảm = tổng số oxi hóa tăng).[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 4: Cộng các nửa phản ứng ta có phương trình ion thu gọn.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 5: Để chuyển phương trình dạng ion thu gọn thành phương trình ion đầy đủ và phương trình phân tử cần cộng vào 2 vế những lượng bằng nhau các cation hoặc anion để bù trừ điện tích.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Ví dụ: Cân bằng phương trình phản ứng:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 1: Cu + H+ + NO3- → Cu2+ + 2NO3- + NO + H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Cu0 → Cu2+[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]NO3-→ NO[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 2: Cân bằng nguyên tố:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Cu → Cu2+[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]NO3- + 4H+ → NO + 2H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Cân bằng điện tích[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Cu → Cu2+ + 2e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]NO3- + 4H+ + 3e → NO + 2H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 3: Cân bằng electron:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]3 x Cu → Cu2+ + 2e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]2 x NO3- + 4H+ + 3e → NO + 2H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 4: 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ → 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B]Bước 5: 3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO +4H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Nội dung 3: Các dạng phản ứng oxi hóa khử phức tạp[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]1. Phản ứng oxi hoá khử có hệ số bằng chữ[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Nguyên tắc:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Cần xác định đúng sự tăng giảm số oxi hoá của các nguyên tố[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Ví dụ:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Fe3O4 + HNO3→ Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H20[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B](5x – 2y) x 3Fe+8/3 → 3Fe+9/3 + e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]1 x xN+5 + (5x – 2y)e → xN+2y/x[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B](5x-2y)Fe3O4+ (46x-18y)HNO3 → (15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3+NxOy+(23x-9y)H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]2. Phản ứng có chất hóa học là tổ hợp của 2 chất khử[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Nguyên tắc :[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Cách 1 : Viết mọi phương trình biểu diễn sự thay đổi số oxi hoá, chú ý sự ràng buộc hệ số ở hai vế của phản ứng và ràng buộc hệ số trong cùng phân tử.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Cách 2 : Nếu một phân tử có nhiều nguyên tố thay đổi số oxi hoá có thể xét chuyển nhóm hoặc toàn bộ phân tử, đồng thời chú ý sự ràng buộc ở vế sau.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Luyện tập: Cân bằng phản ứng sau :[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]FeS2 + O2 → Fe2O3 + SO2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Fe+2 → Fe+3 + 1e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]2S-1 → 2S+4 + 2.5e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]4 x FeS2 → Fe+3 +2S+4 + 11e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]11 x 2O0 + 4e → 2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]3. Phản ứng có nguyên tố tăng hay giảm số oxi hoá ở nhiều nấc[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]oNguyên tắc :[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]• Cách 1 : Viết mọi phương trình thay đổi số oxi hoá, đặt ẩn số cho từng nấc tăng, giảm số oxi hoá.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]•Cách 2 : Tách ra thành hai hay nhiều phương trình ứng với từng nấc số oxi hóa tăng hay giảm.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Ví dụ: Cân bằng phản ứng sau:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Al + HNO3→ Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Cách 1: (3x + 8y) x Al0→ Al+3 + 3e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]3 x xN+5 + 3xe → xN+5[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]3 x 2yN+5 + 8ye → 2yN+1[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B](3x+8y)Al +(12x+30y)HNO3→(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3+3xNO+3yNO2+(6x+15 y)H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Cách 2: Tách thành 2 phương trình :[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]a x Al + 4HNO3 → Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]b x 8Al + 30 HNO3 → 8Al(NO3)3 +3N2O + 15H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B](a+8b)Al + (4a+30b)HNO3 → (a+8b)Al(NO3)3 + a NO + 3b N2O+(2a+15b)H2O[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]4. Phản ứng không xác định rõ môi trường[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]oNguyên tắc:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]•Có thể cân bằng nguyên tố bằng phương pháp đại số hoặc qua trung gian phương trình ion thu gọn.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]•Nếu do gom nhiều phản ứng vào, cần phân tích để xác định giai đoạn nào là oxi hóa khử.[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Ví dụ: Al + H2O + NaOH → NaAlO2 + H2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Al + H20 → Al(OH)3 + H2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]2 x Al0 → Al+3 + 3e[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]3 x 2H+ + 2e → H2[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]2Al + 6H20 → 2Al(OH)3 + H2 (1)[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]2Al(OH)3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + 4H20 (2)[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]Tổng hợp 2 phương trình trên:[/B][/B][/B] [B][B][B][B][B][B][B]2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 ST [/B][/B][/B] [/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B][/B] [/QUOTE]
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